Symptoms And Treatment Of Pain - 1253 Words

Introduction Pain is one of the most common reasons a person will seek treatment from a physical therapist.1 Pain is an abstract concept in which the brain detects a stimuli, interprets the sensation, and responds to the stimuli by producing an unpleasant sensory response.1 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), which is a common diagnosis seen in patients’ seeking acute or chronic pain relief, is an often debilitating condition that occurs either spontaneously or after limb injury (CRPS Type 1) or following a peripheral nerve lesion (CRPS Type 2).3,4 Several diagnostic terms have been used to classify this condition, including reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and causalgia.4 However, the exact pathophysiologic mechanism of the condition is still unknown.5 It is believed that CRPS involves multiple pathways and includes both peripheral and central nervous system changes.3,5 Alterations in cutaneous innervations and peripheral and central sensitization, as well as changes i n the representation of the affected limb within the somatosensory cortex, are currently believed to be the primary culprits in the development of CRPS.5 Clinical features of CRPS include sensory disturbances, such as burning pain with allodynia and hyperalgesia, motor disturbances of decreased range, speed, coordination of movement, tremor, and muscle spasms; changes in vascular tone, temperature, and edema; and trophic changes to skin, hair, nails; and perceptual disturbances of self.2,4 Signs andShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Pain Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesThis is a 71-year-old female with a 2/29/2000 date of injury, when she slipped and fell because of oil on the ground. Diagnoses: Pain in thoracic spine; low back pain; traumatic arthropathy, unspecified site; unspecified sprain of unspecified wrist 12/01/15 Progress report describes that the claimant has increased right shoulder pain. The pain was previously well controlled with medications. The patient stated that she may not be able to drive to her appointments much longer given she also getsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Pain1654 Words   |  7 Pages Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and affective experience associated with tissue damage. Pain is a major symptom in many medical conditions and is one of the most sited reasons why people seek medical assistance (Peterson Bredow 2009). When pain is poorly managed, it can delay healing and recovery. Using the proper nursing assessment skill is very important to assess a patient’s pain level, and determine the best intervention to reduce or eliminate it. Middle range theory suchRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Pain3368 Words   |  14 PagesTo really delve into the complexity of pain, an experience which is phenomenally unique to each individual , this essay will uncover the multifaceted definition of pain, how patients typically describe their pain, differences between fast and slow pain, different types of pain stimuli, the nerve pathways which carry signals to the brain, pain perception, central sensitisation, the clinical presentation of a person with a hypersensitivity disorder such as fibromyalgia, and finally how this case wouldRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Pain1375 Words   |  6 PagesPain is a vastly under treated phenomenon, causing suffering and financial losses to individuals and the society. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain can be defined as not just an unpleasant sensation however, holistically speaking, a complex sensory modality that is essential in the fight for survival. (Patel, N.B. 2010) It is thought to be a defence mechanism designed by the body, for triggering behavioural reflexes that defend against further noxious stimuliRead MoreSymptoms And Treat ment Of Pain1501 Words   |  7 PagesPain is a complex subject that can be confusing for those who suffer with it and is often misunderstood by health care professionals, including physiotherapists. The International Association for the Study of Pain (1979, p.249) defines pain as ‘‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.’’ However, as Christelis (2011) states it is important to note that this definition requires the sufferer to report theirRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Pain1338 Words   |  6 Pagespatient experiences the feeling of pain. Along with this come other emotions, such as frustration and stress. Pain is considered to be subjective so self report will vary among the individual. When patients are admitted to the hospital, evaluating for pain is one of the six vital signs that is assessed at least three times per shift. To deliver patient-centered care, nurses aim to treat the undesirable aspects of pain, regardless of the source. Not only does pain management provide a solution to feelingsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Pain1563 Words   |  7 Pagescontinued to get worse the pain became excruciating and intolerable. I went to the doctor and was instantly diagnosed with pink eye just as expected. The doctor then prescribed me eyedrops and told me to use hot and cold compresses to relieve the pain. I went home and dropped eyedrops into my eye and used the compresses as told by the doctor, but later took a turn for the worst. The pain grew immensely and I began to undergo photophobia which is the sensitivity to light. The pain was so intense I feltRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of The Knee Pain1428 Words   |  6 Pagesa half without any luck. Secondary complaint is high stress level, occasionally feel irritable, low libido, nocturnal emission, coldness and pain in the lower back, dry and itchy genitalia area, hemorrhoids, anxiety, poor memory, warming sensation at night, but when he is not at work feels cold, loose stools and knee pain. Patient says that the knee pain could be from playing soccer on weekends. Patient reports his semen quality is very watery and transparent. States he urinates frequently. Read MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Chest Pain Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pages CHEST PAIN INTRODUCTION Chest pains have different etiologies; it can be of life - threatening origin such as cardiac disease to pulmonary origin or benign gastro intestinal and musculoskeletal, in some cases as a result of cocaine usage. Early diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening chest pain will reduce associated mortality (Meeisel Cottrell, 2015) This essay will discuss a case of Mr P, 63 year old with chest pain his general appearance, general history, his physical examination, threeRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Chronic Pain1635 Words   |  7 PagesThere are two types of pain that can be distinguished by its durations, such as pain that is short lasting and it lasts from days to few weeks, which are known as acute pain (AP) and persisting pain that lasts over three months or more, which are known as chronic pain (CP) (Kramer-Kile, Osuji, Larsen, Lubken, 2014; Lewis et al., 2014). The CP concept was chosen because the number of people experiencing Chronic Pain (CP) is increasing causing a decrease in people’s quality of life (QOL) and co-mortalities

Research Proposal- Alcohol Abuse Leads to Domestic Violence

Determining whether Alcohol abuse leads to Domestic Violence Abstract This study seeks to analyze and examine the effects that alcohol abuse may have on domestic violence cases. The main goal of this study is to determine whether or not alcohol or alcohol abuse really has an affect on people and if it causes domestic violence or not. This study will be helpful in many ways and instances and it will help those who are still wondering whether or not these to completely different social problems have any relation. Introduction The area of study is domestic violence and the affect that alcohol abuse may have on the issue. Domestic violence happens in all cultures, people of all races, ethnicities and religions. It occurs and†¦show more content†¦This clearly indicates that domestic violence is most often a male issue. (Bolduc, 2006) Besides, there are statistics suggesting that the increasing numbers of domestic violence cases are being fueled by drug and alcohol use by the abusive partner. This is manifested by the Personal Safety Survey, 2006 of the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The survey shows that those who have experienced violence in the past 12 months, alcohol or other drugs were involved in, 75.3 percent of instances where a male was assaulted by another male, 49.8 percent of instances where a male was assaulted by a female, 50.6 percent of instances where a female was assaulted by another female and 48.5 percent of instances where a female was assaulted by a male. (As cited in Wikipedi a, 2006) Also, from this study, of all the instances of physical assault in the past 12 months, 25.1 percent of males and 16.4 percent of females were assaulted in licensed premises. This further suggests the negative association between alcohol and violence. Additionally, Bancroft (2006) has observed that a substance abuse often occurs in conjunction with domestic violence. (As cited in Wikipedia, 2006) Methodology This study will employ the descriptive research method which uses observation, interviews and surveys. In this method, it is possible that the study will be convenient and quick since it aims to know whether alcohol abuse really leads to domestic violence.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Exposure On Domestic Violence Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagesexposure to domestic violence is quite prevalent, a review of academic literature reveals few studies focused on the experiences of children who lived with violent parents. The search did not reveal any studies that focus on how children experienced an intervention by the child welfare community. More research is needed to provide a voice for those children and provide the lack of information that s needed. This research proposal entails the lives of children who have experienced domestic violenceRead MoreWhat Are the Perceptions of Domestic Violence Amongst Individuals Who Live in Western Sydney?6504 Words   |  27 PagesUNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY RESEARCH REPORT: What are the perceptions of domestic violence amongst individuals who live in western Sydney? ------------------------------------------------- 101041 – Communication Research Spring 2012 Student Name: Ferah Arslan Student Number: 17530620 RESEARCH REPORT SUBJECT: WHAT ARE THE PERCEPTIONS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONGST INDIVIDUALS WHO LIVE IN WESTERN SYDNEY? ABSTRACT: What are the perceptions of domestic violence amongst individuals whoRead More Correlation Between Mental Illness and Violence and Crime Essay2291 Words   |  10 PagesLiterature Analysis and Research Proposal of the Correlation between Mental Illness and Violence and Crime Over the past few decades, many researches have strived to test and explain the correlation between violence and crime and mental illness. Moore and Hiday (2006) assert that up 22% of inmates has a mental illness, sometimes containing more mental illness patients than many psychiatric units. Due to these statistics it is evident how important it is to understand the causes of the correlationsRead MoreTeen Dating Violence2793 Words   |  12 PagesWhat is Teen Dating Violence? Teen Dating Violence (TDV) is described as the physical, emotional, or sexual abuse that occurs within a relationship while dating. TDV can occur in person, or electronically by a current or former partner (CDC, 2014). Many adolescents and adults are unaware of the prevalence of TDV but a recent national study revealed that nearly 10% of adolescents have reported being hit, slapped, or intentionally physically hurt by someone they had claimed to be dating (CDC, 2014)Read MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1054 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically, marijuana has been an illegal substance in Canada since 1923, mainly because of the perspective that the harmful consequences of its abuse and its addictive nature outweigh the significant benefits of making it a legal drug. Although laws have evolved as culture and society has evolved, Canada continues to struggle with the decriminalization of marijuana, despite its numerous benefits, it continues to form an archaic boundary line. This ess ay will discuss: 1) how laws regarding theRead MoreGun Control Is A Topic That Has Created Many Discussions949 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica has become in a little time in the country that leads the list of countries where more violent success occurred due to what is happening to our society. America s gun problem is completely unique. First place in gun violence worldwide. It occupies the sixth place in gun homicide. The US by far the highest number of privately-owned guns in the world despite being a minority. Guns grow in an incredible way that goes from domestic violence to the most serious tragedies in which weapons of fireRead MoreCommunity Health Perspective2802 Words   |  12 Pages Abstract The paper is intended to ascertain research statistics, facts, policies and analysis of topics that contributes to the health and wellbeing of a community. The effects of injury prevention and the control of infectious diseases are discussed. The rationale of controlling the cost of healthcare through behavioral and lifestyle changes is discussed. How does the exploitation of drugs, alcohol and tobacco influence the health of the community? In a community healthRead MoreWar on Drugs Research Essay2406 Words   |  10 PagesDrug use and abuse is an expensive problem in the United States, both financially and socially. The War on Drugs has been an ongoing effort to combat drug abuse, drug use and crime associated with the drug trade. Its a war without a clear enemy. Anything waged against a shapeless, intangible noun can never truly be won — President Clintons drug czar Gen. Barry McCaffrey said as much in 1996. (TIME 2009) Despite the trillions of dollars waged on the wa r on drugs and the countless arrest made relatedRead MoreWhat Are Antisocial Behavior? Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesBehavior Antisocial behavior is emerged and shaped by social interactions with the community, family, and educational environment. The child s attitude and irritation, cognitive ability, the amount of participation with irregular peers, experiencing violence, and the shortage of cooperative problem-solving skills will also motivate antisocial behavior. Other behavioral and developmental problems such as hyperactivity, depression, learning disabilities, and impulsivity often appear with antisocial behaviorRead MoreThe Self Esteem Of Adolescent Females Through Delving Into And Reconnoitering Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesincreased rate in females in the midst of this period of transition (McNeely Blanchard, 2010). By definition we are designing a group proposal to develop and expand the self-esteem in adolescent females through delving into and reconnoitering the numerous facets of one’s identity and educating and incorporating new abilities in the course of development. This proposal will deliver contextual material of group counseling and self-esteem. A framework of the prospective group program and analysis of the

Positive Accounting Research Financial Statements

Question: Discuss about the Positive Accounting Researchfor Financial Statements. Answer: This paper reviews Watts and Zimmerman approach towards positive accounting research. Positive accounting theory is a wider concept of scientific theory which considers cause and effect relationships of humans. This research has shown challenges faced by the companies in their accounting practices and reporting of financial statements. This research has also discussed about various concepts and methods used by companies for effective accounting. The ontology and epistemology assumptions have been developed for the understanding of importance and deficiencies of positive accounting research. In addition to this, the summary of this article will provide an idea about the facts and arguments disclosed including overall conclusions. After this, questions on research have been prepared to identify major problems of the positive accounting theory and obstacles faced by the individuals in preparing financial statements in the organization. Moreover, behavior of humans and their cause and ef fect relationship with the accounting practice is also discussed here. In addition to this, this report also includes if and buts of all the possible situations which prevents the accounting theory less positive. Lastly, this report concludes with all the suggestions about human behavior towards accounting practice and how they could make them more effective and better as per auditors opinions (Brown, Preiato and Tarca, 2014). Summary of The Article This article provides research on positive approach towards accounting practice and the human behavior towards this approach. It also stated various factors which have significant impact on human behavior. It allows individuals to overcome with the problems that has come in its decision making and developed reciprocal attitude. For making better and effective approach towards accounting practice this article has used intellectual program. After evaluating cause and effect relations of human behavior it consist several arguments on positive accounting research (Waymire, 2014). Many researchers have also argued that positive accounting practice should also be based on personal opinion of humans. This article further stated about auditors judgments on accounting practice of companies and also further stated that when auditors are under pressure they have to work fast and so the chances of errors got doubled in their reporting. In addition to this, another theory discussed in positive ac counting research is free will of humans (Brown, et al. 2014) which means if humans are free to take their own decisions which remains restricted on their own views and would nullify other persons views within the research program. This theory also provides that there are no concepts relating to applicability of human behavior. The ontology and epistemology theories in positive accounting research provide misguidance to public relating to implications of human behavior. The major problem faced by researchers in positive accounting theory was the consideration of positive and quantitative researches to be same. However, auditors opinion on research theory was assessed by researchers to make their research better and effective. Further, for the evaluation of internal and external factors hypothesis testing was done in positive accounting practice (Ahmed, Neel and Wang, 2013). Further, it was observed that understanding of human behavior and their cause and effect relationship in the working environment in organization has a significant contribution by research accounting practice (Everett, Neu, Rahaman and maharaj, 2015). Research Questions What factors are required for the success of positive accounting research? What challenges faced by the researchers in positive accounting practice? How this research differs from rational program? What is meant by ontology and epistemology theories in positive accounting practice? Theoritical Frameworks This program studies about various frameworks for the positive accounting practice. This framework also describes about how the readers could increase the effectiveness of positive accounting research in organization (Engle and Hunton, 2015). There is an article which explains the how the accuracy of accounting can be achieved with the help of auditing by the auditors (Choi et.al, 2009). This framework proposes that there are many tests which could be applied on the auditing of accounts so that it provides the legal system. This also shows that accounting data carried many mistakes, errors which could provide misleading results for readers to take decisions (Fang, et al, 2014). Competency of executives and auditors audit fees are the major factors of positive research program. In addition to this, availability of accounting data will help the accountant in preparing financial statements and also support auditors to understand the auditing functioning so that they can provide their judgement on the accounting data. If the test of control is identified, then it would provide great help in conducting of audit to auditors in positive accounting research. Moreover, there is another concept in theoretical framework is qualitati ve positive research. In this theory, two main concepts were used to measure qualitative positive research that is (1). Collection of data from the public and (2). Measure variances through the regression analysis on the received data in accounting data (Dyckman and Zeff, 2014). Thus, this will help the accountants to prepare financial statements and also help auditors to provide judgements on the accounting data which were provided by the organization and can also detect the errors which were remain in the accounting data of the organization. Further if auditors do not adopt this realistic approach in their auditing methods then it will create the possibility of type 1 errors that is it will lead to mis- specifications in their auditing. According to Deegan (2017) it can be said that these theories will provide clear point of view on human behavior which is helpful in making decisions. In order to determine the human behavior factors in financial statements null hypothesis is imple mented in accounting research practice. As per Slater, et al. (2014), there are many international models which solve mistakes in positive accounting research. Significant of Positive Accounting Research Understanding of human behavior and its implications are the main significance of this positive accounting research. There are also many models which identifies cause and effect relations of human behavior in research program. Further, it was also observed that quantitative approach will help in gathering data from the accountant to measure behavior with financial statements. Thus this research helps in effective analysis of human behavior and their actions. In order to examine the errors and mistakes in accounting transactions, audit procedure is developed. This may not be beneficial to our knowledge of human behavior but provide conclusions to accountants in solving problem. Thus, it can be said that there are various systems which are helpful in assessing human behavior in this approach (Guan, 2014). Limitation of Positive Accounting Research This article has used primary and secondary data for the positive accounting research. It was further examined that auditors may not identify all the errors and mistakes in financial statements based on the available data (Smith, 2014). On the basis of available data there are chances of uncertainties in ontology and epistemology theories. Also based on certain assumptions which varied with time and factors, hypothetical test also provides uncertainty in available data. Parameters are also set based on accountants and auditors viewpoints on financial data (Bertomeu, Darrough and Xue, 2017). Conclusion Various facts and theories have been reported under this research about the effectiveness and limitation of positive accounting practice. In this, various data is required by the auditors for the measurement of accounting concepts of the organization. The main critique in this research was the usage of the qualitative approach towards the collection of hypothetical data of financial transactions. It is also examined that for the auditors judgements there is requirement of financial data of the organization. This would be helpful for the auditors to identify all the possible errors and mistakes in the accounting data recorded by the accountants. The main problem which was noticed that to establish cause and effect relations. Also there are several frameworks and models used in this article which has emphasized on the decision making power of the humans and also on the auditors opinion on the true and view of the financial statements of the organization. Now at the end, it can be summe d up with the argument that if an auditor worked as per the desired requirement then there would be least chances of frauds and errors in the financial statements of the organization. References Ahmed, A.S., Neel, M. and Wang, D., 2013. Does mandatory adoption of IFRS improve accounting quality? Preliminary evidence.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(4), pp.1344-1372. Bertomeu, J., Darrough, M. and Xue, W., 2017. Optimal conservatism with earnings manipulation.Contemporary Accounting Research,34(1), pp.252-284. Brown, P., Preiato, J. and Tarca, A., 2014. Measuring country differences in enforcement of accounting standards: An audit and enforcement proxy.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,41(1-2), pp.1-52. Deegan, C., 2017. Twenty five years of social and environmental accounting research within Critical Perspectives of Accounting: Hits, misses and ways forward.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,43, pp.65-87. Dyckman, T.R. and Zeff, S.A., 2014. Some methodological deficiencies in empirical research articles in accounting.Accounting Horizons,28(3), pp.695-712. Engle, T.J. and Hunton, J.E., 2015. Retraction: The Effects of Small Monetary Incentives on Response Quality and Rates in the Positive Confirmation of Account Receivable Balances.AUDITING: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(3), pp.201-201. Everett, J., Neu, D., Rahaman, A.S. and Maharaj, G., 2015. Praxis, Doxa and research methods: Reconsidering critical accounting.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,32, pp.37-44. Fang, J., Haw, I.M., Yu, V. and Zhang, X., 2014. Positive externality of analyst coverage upon audit services: Evidence from China.Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics,21(2), pp.186-206. Guan, K., 2014. Corporate Growth, Audit Quality and Accounting Conservatism: Empirical Evidence from Public Companies in China.Journal of Accounting and Economics,5(005). Klemstine, C.F. and Maher, M.W., 2014.Management Accounting Research (RLE Accounting): A Review and Annotated Bibliography. Routledge. Li, X., 2015. Accounting conservatism and the cost of capital: An international analysis.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,42(5-6), pp.555-582. Slater, R.A., Koren, S., Ramot, Y., Buchs, A. and Rapoport, M.J., 2014. Interpreting the results of the Semmes?Weinstein monofilament test: accounting for false?positive answers in the international consensus on the diabetic foot protocol by a new model.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews,30(1), pp.77-80. Smith, M., 2014.Research methods in accounting. Sage. Waymire, G.B., 2014. Neuroscience and ultimate causation in accounting research.The Accounting Review,89(6), pp.2011-2019.

Persuasive Piece A White Paper

Introduction A white paper is an authoritative report or a persuasive piece that is written by government by interest groups and government agencies to influence government policies and legislature. White papers are usually formulated to address specific issues or problems that exist in government policies or laws. White papers are formulated to educate the general public and interested groups on problems that exist within a government’s policies and how these papers can be used to help these people make important decisions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Piece: A White Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More White papers are usually used in policymaking, political decisions and in the corporate world where policy makers involve the use of academic institutions to write white papers that will address policy developments. The Commonwealth of Nations defines a white paper as an informal parliament ary paper that is used to address government policies and issues/problems that might arise due to the implementation of these policies. White papers are usually issued by the government and they lay out policies and action plans that will be used to address certain issues as well as propose suitable alternatives to the problem. They are developed to signify a clear intention on the part of the government entities and interest groups that want an amendment to government policies. Examples of white papers that have been written in the past include Winston Churchill’s White Paper of 1922 that was meant to plan a national home for Jews in Palestine, the 1969 white paper that was meant to abolish the Indian Act in Canada, and the White paper of 1966 that led to the development of emergency medical services by the United States National Research Council. The white paper that will be developed for this essay will address a national issue that threatens to affect the livelihoods of c itizens in America which is an increase in taxation. The government white paper will address the issue of increasing taxation what alternatives can be used to address the budget deficits being experienced by the American government (Congress, 2010). Definition of the Problem The recent global financial crisis as well as the war on Iraq had a negative impact on the economy of the US. The stock market faced a serious decline as mortgage lenders and banks faced foreclosure as a result of increased consumer and government spending.Advertising Looking for essay on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This forced the US government to develop a plan that would be used to deal with the financial situation, a plan that involved increasing taxes to deal with job losses and job cuts as well as increase middle class tax relief to middle income earners. This tax increase proposed by the Obama administration would see taxes increasing by $9 70 billion on Americans who earned more than $200,000. People who earned less than $200,000 would face new tax cuts that would amount to $143.4 billion in one year. The tax propositions were also meant to eliminate any preferences for oil and gas companies as well as life insurance products (Graetz, 2007). Businesses under the new tax proposition would face a net taxation increase despite a gross tax reduction of $93.5 billion. The tax proposition however faced some criticism with the Senator for Iowa, Charles Grassley commenting that the tax cuts and tax relief proposed by the Obama administration would target people who did not have to pay any taxes at all, meaning that tax relief would be directed to limited groups of people in the American population. Senator Grassley noted that the tax increases would have a minimal or no effect at all on the tax relief that was proposed by the Obama administration. Many American citizens viewed the increase in taxes to be an unwarranted move b y the Obama government given that the country was still recovering from the 2009 financial crisis and many Americans were still jobless as a result of being laid off (Donmoyer, 2010). The tax proposal by the Obama government was therefore faced a lot of criticism from both government entities, American citizens and other interest groups in the United States. The administration proposed $3.8 million spending plan that would be used in implementing the tax proposals that would prevent US companies from shifting their off shore profits. Many US corporations such as Redmond, Microsoft, Caterpillar and General Electric Company viewed the tax changes to be an impediment to their ability to compete with foreign companies (Sloan, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Piece: A White Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Proposed Solutions to the Problem The United States Senate Finance Committee decided to a ct on the Obama administration’s tax proposal by pledging to act quickly on tax legislation that would stimulate hiring. The Senate Finance committee Chairman, Max Baucus, together with Charles Rangel who is a New York Democrat, pledged to act quickly on the tax legislation to ensure that there were tax reforms within the country. The new taxation laws would see American businesses in the global market being more competitive and viable for investments by other countries. The new tax laws would also see individuals earning more than $200,000 facing a tax increase of 39.6 % up from 36 %. The capital gains and dividend rates for people who earned more than $250,000 would face an increase of 20 %. The tax proposal in general would take from the rich and give to the poor within the American population (Donmoyer, 2010). Other alternatives to the increased tax proposal that were proposed by Republicans to boost the economy and stimulate job growth within the United States include th e alternative stimulus proposal. The cost of the Republicans alternative stimulus plan was estimated to cost $478 billion US dollars which was a considerable amount when compared to the Obama administration’s tax proposal that was going to cost $1 trillion dollars to implement. Under the alternative stimulus plan, the Republicans proposed that the income tax rates be reduced from 15% to 10 % and from 10% to 5 %. The plan also proposed for tax extensions for the middle-income families that had higher taxes. The alternative stimulus plan also proposed a tax deduction for small businesses of 20 percent that had an employee base of less than 500 workers as well as a tax deduction for employees who did not receive any tax preferred health care insurance (Pelofsky, 2009). Policy Proposal An alternative to the tax proposal that has been tabled by the Obama Administration is a minimal taxation policy that will allow for the taxation of the investment interest that is necessary in com puting regular tax. The investment interest is an interest expense that is incurred by individuals or companies who purchase or make investments. An example of an investment interest is a margin loan that exists in a brokerage account. The interest expense that exists in the investment interest is subject to tax deduction based on the extent to which a taxpayer has an investable income. The alternative minimum tax alternative to the tax proposal will see regular tax deductions being calculated differently (Armey, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The alternative to the proposed tax reforms ensures that taxation on American citizens, earnings is conducted in a fair and simplistic manner. The current tax codes and policies that exist on taxation in the US are complex and unfair in nature and they have generally failed to meet the priorities of the country. The alternative minimum tax alternative ensures that there will be a reduction in massive deficits that have arisen in the past thereby strengthening the middle class while at the same time ensuring that every American citizen at every income levels was able to survive on their earnings, The alternative will also ensure that the American Multinational corporations do not loose out their business to foreign international companies (Armey, 2010). Limitations and Support for the Tax Alternative Policy The alternative tax policy however faces some limitations in that it does not cater for shared prosperity and the rewarding of hard work. The taxable incomes under the alternative minimum tax policy do not cater for the taxation of all income levels but the taxation of specific income groups that earn more than $ 275,000 in one year. This policy will therefore benefit the middle and the lower income earners ignoring the taxation needs of the rich and well to do members of the society. The Center for American Progress addresses the political and economic reality of taxing every individual based on the income levels by proposing an alternative to the tax policy and proposal that would see American citizens being taxed based on a rate schedule (American Progress, 2005). The alternative taxation policy is however a more superior alternative to the Obama administration’s taxation proposal as it will involve a minimal budget to implement the reforms within the taxation system. The plan will ensure that American multinational businesses do not loose out their business to foreign-based companies from other countries by ensuring that their investment expenses have been deducted according to their earnings. The alternative policy ensures that multinational taxation changes will have a direct impact on job growth in the United States as well as economic growth. The institutions that can be used to support the alternative taxation proposal would include the US Senate, Multinational Corporations affected by the Obama administration’s tax proposal, the Public Revenue Authority and the Government accountability office in the United States (Wolverson, 2010). Conclusion This essay has dealt with the white paper issue of increased taxation on the American citizen’s income as well as a taxation of multinational corporations. The proposed tax proposal by the Obama administration presents many problems in that it does not improve job growth within the country and it does not address investment expenses that would be beneficial in improving the economy of the country. The alternative tax minimum proposal bridges the gap that exists betw een the proposed taxation policy and job growth within the United States as well as ensuring that US multinational companies do not lose their business to foreign owned companies. The alternative tax proposal will cost less to implement by the government and it will ensure that the economy of the US has been stimulated for positive growth. References American Progress (2005). A fair and simple tax system for our future.  Center for American Progress. Web. Armey, D. (2010,). Rangel’s alternative minimum tax proposal. America Unbound. Web. Congress (2010). Congressional record, volumes 109-122. New York: Government Printing Office Donmoyer, R. J. (2010). Obama budget seeks $1.9 trillion tax rise on richest. Bloomberg. Web. Graetz, M. (2007). Tax reform unraveling. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.21, No.1, pp 69-90 Pelofsky, J. (2009). US house Republican alternative stimulus proposal. Reuters. Web. Sloan, S. (2010). House Democrats eye changes on tax deal. Congress orga nization. Web. Wolverson, R. (2010). US multinationals and tax reform. Council on Foreign Relations. Web. This essay on Persuasive Piece: A White Paper was written and submitted by user Kane Leblanc to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.